diff --git a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/scripts/check.ts b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/scripts/check.ts
index 05f6ad3a..7bd9092b 100644
--- a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/scripts/check.ts
+++ b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/scripts/check.ts
@@ -22,10 +22,19 @@ const requiredFiles = Object.freeze([
   "src/api/workbench.ts",
   "src/api/workbench-events.ts",
   "src/api/agent.ts",
+  "src/utils/workbench-key.ts",
+  "src/utils/scoped-cache.ts",
+  "src/utils/scheduler/async-queue.ts",
+  "src/utils/scheduler/coalesced-event-queue.ts",
+  "src/utils/scheduler/keyed-singleflight.ts",
+  "src/utils/safe-storage.ts",
+  "src/utils/workbench-health.ts",
   "src/stores/index.ts",
   "src/stores/app.ts",
   "src/stores/auth.ts",
   "src/stores/workbench.ts",
+  "src/stores/workbench-timeline-model.ts",
+  "src/stores/workbench-session-cache.ts",
   "src/composables/useTraceSubscription.ts",
   "src/composables/useAutoRefresh.ts",
   "src/composables/useClipboard.ts",
diff --git a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/scripts/workbench-realtime-runtime.test.ts b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/scripts/workbench-realtime-runtime.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5d4c958
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/scripts/workbench-realtime-runtime.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+// SPEC: PJ2026-0106050514 Workbench实时运行面 draft-2026-06-30-p0-1297-spec-first.
+// Responsibility: Regression tests for pure Workbench realtime runtime helpers before Vue/store integration.
+
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import test from "node:test";
+
+import { AsyncQueue, work } from "../src/utils/scheduler/async-queue.ts";
+import { createCoalescedEventQueue } from "../src/utils/scheduler/coalesced-event-queue.ts";
+import { createKeyedSingleflight } from "../src/utils/scheduler/keyed-singleflight.ts";
+import { createScopedCache } from "../src/utils/scoped-cache.ts";
+import { composeWorkbenchScopedKey, splitWorkbenchScopedKey, workbenchPathKey, workbenchRealtimeScopeKey } from "../src/utils/workbench-key.ts";
+import { createSafeStorageRuntime, isStorageQuotaError, migrateLegacyStorage, normalizePersistedValue, readJsonStorage, removePersistedTarget, removeStorageKey, writeJsonStorage, type StorageLike } from "../src/utils/safe-storage.ts";
+import { checkWorkbenchHealth, createWorkbenchHealthProbeCache } from "../src/utils/workbench-health.ts";
+import { buildWorkbenchTimelineRows, normalizeWorkbenchTimelineMessages, workbenchTimelineSignature } from "../src/stores/workbench-timeline-model.ts";
+import { trimWorkbenchSessionCache } from "../src/stores/workbench-session-cache.ts";
+
+test("Workbench scoped keys encode delimiter characters", () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(splitWorkbenchScopedKey(workbenchRealtimeScopeKey("ses|one", "trc/two")), ["workbench.realtime", "ses|one", "trc/two"]);
+  assert.deepEqual(splitWorkbenchScopedKey(composeWorkbenchScopedKey("queue", null, "", "a b")), ["queue", "~", "~", "a b"]);
+  assert.throws(() => composeWorkbenchScopedKey("queue", "bad\0part"), /null bytes/u);
+  assert.equal(workbenchPathKey("C:\\Users\\foo\\"), "C:/Users/foo");
+});
+
+test("scoped cache keeps OpenCode LRU and TTL semantics", () => {
+  const disposed: string[] = [];
+  let clock = 0;
+  let count = 0;
+  const cache = createScopedCache((key) => ({ key, count: ++count }), {
+    maxEntries: 2,
+    ttlMs: 10,
+    now: () => clock,
+    dispose: (value) => disposed.push(`${value.key}:${value.count}`)
+  });
+
+  assert.equal(cache.get("a").count, 1);
+  assert.equal(cache.get("b").count, 2);
+  cache.get("a");
+  assert.equal(cache.get("c").count, 3);
+  assert.equal(cache.peek("b"), undefined);
+  assert.deepEqual(disposed, ["b:2"]);
+
+  clock = 11;
+  assert.equal(cache.peek("a"), undefined);
+  assert.deepEqual(disposed, ["b:2", "a:1", "c:3"]);
+});
+
+test("async queue and bounded work preserve OpenCode utility behavior", async () => {
+  const queue = new AsyncQueue<number>();
+  const first = queue.next();
+  queue.push(1);
+  assert.equal(await first, 1);
+  queue.push(2);
+  assert.equal(await queue.next(), 2);
+
+  const visited: number[] = [];
+  await work(2, [1, 2, 3], async (item) => {
+    visited.push(item);
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(visited.sort(), [1, 2, 3]);
+});
+
+test("coalesced event queue replaces keyed snapshots and preserves unkeyed events", () => {
+  const flushed: string[][] = [];
+  const queue = createCoalescedEventQueue<{ key?: string; value: string }>({
+    keyOf: (item) => item.key,
+    schedule: () => undefined,
+    onFlush: (items) => flushed.push(items.map((item) => item.value))
+  });
+
+  queue.push({ key: "snapshot:trc", value: "old" });
+  queue.push({ value: "event-1" });
+  queue.push({ key: "snapshot:trc", value: "new" });
+  queue.push({ value: "event-2" });
+
+  assert.equal(queue.size, 3);
+  queue.flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(flushed, [["new", "event-1", "event-2"]]);
+});
+
+test("keyed single-flight coalesces duplicate work and supports replacement", async () => {
+  const flight = createKeyedSingleflight<number>();
+  let calls = 0;
+  const first = flight.run("sessions", () => {
+    calls += 1;
+    return 7;
+  });
+  const second = flight.run("sessions", () => {
+    calls += 1;
+    return 9;
+  });
+
+  assert.equal(await first, 7);
+  assert.equal(await second, 7);
+  assert.equal(calls, 1);
+
+  assert.equal(await flight.run("sessions", () => 11, { replace: true, reason: "manual-refresh" }), 11);
+  assert.equal(calls, 1);
+});
+
+test("safe storage reports failures instead of throwing", () => {
+  const storage = new MemoryStorage();
+  assert.equal(writeJsonStorage(storage, "k", { a: 1 }).ok, true);
+  assert.deepEqual(readJsonStorage(storage, "k", { a: 0 }).value, { a: 1 });
+  assert.equal(removeStorageKey(storage, "k").ok, true);
+
+  const broken: StorageLike = {
+    getItem: () => "{not-json",
+    setItem: () => { throw new Error("quota"); },
+    removeItem: () => { throw new Error("security"); }
+  };
+  assert.equal(readJsonStorage(broken, "bad", { safe: true }).status, "parse_error");
+  assert.equal(writeJsonStorage(broken, "bad", { safe: true }).status, "write_error");
+  assert.equal(removeStorageKey(broken, "bad").status, "remove_error");
+});
+
+test("safe storage preserves OpenCode quota fallback, prefix isolation and legacy migration", () => {
+  const storage = new MemoryStorage();
+  const runtime = createSafeStorageRuntime({ cacheMaxEntries: 3, cacheMaxBytes: 200, evictPrefix: "hwlab." });
+  const bad = runtime.localStorageWithPrefix("hwlab.throw.scope", storage);
+  bad.setItem("value", '{"value":1}');
+  const before = storage.calls.set;
+  bad.setItem("value", '{"value":2}');
+  assert.equal(storage.calls.set, before);
+
+  const safe = runtime.localStorageWithPrefix("hwlab.safe.scope", storage);
+  safe.setItem("value", '{"value":3}');
+  assert.equal(storage.getItem("hwlab.safe.scope:value"), '{"value":3}');
+
+  assert.equal(isStorageQuotaError(new DOMException("quota", "QuotaExceededError")), true);
+  assert.equal(normalizePersistedValue({ value: 1, nested: { a: true } }, '{"nested":{"b":2}}'), '{"value":1,"nested":{"a":true,"b":2}}');
+  assert.equal(normalizePersistedValue({ value: "ok" }, '{"value":"\\x"}'), undefined);
+
+  storage.setItem("legacy.workspace", '{"value":2}');
+  const current = runtime.localStorageWithPrefix("hwlab.current", storage);
+  const migrated = migrateLegacyStorage({ current, legacyStore: runtime.localStorageDirect(storage), stores: [], keys: ["legacy.workspace"], key: "workspace:demo", defaults: { value: 1 } });
+  assert.equal(migrated, '{"value":2}');
+  assert.equal(storage.getItem("hwlab.current:workspace:demo"), '{"value":2}');
+  assert.equal(storage.getItem("legacy.workspace"), null);
+
+  storage.setItem("hwlab.current:workspace:demo", '{"value":2}');
+  storage.setItem("hwlab.legacy:workspace:demo", '{"value":3}');
+  removePersistedTarget({ storage: "hwlab.current", legacyStorageNames: ["hwlab.legacy"], key: "workspace:demo" }, runtime, storage);
+  assert.equal(storage.getItem("hwlab.current:workspace:demo"), null);
+  assert.equal(storage.getItem("hwlab.legacy:workspace:demo"), null);
+});
+
+test("timeline model deduplicates authoritative messages with stable row keys", () => {
+  const rows = buildWorkbenchTimelineRows([
+    { id: "msg_user", messageId: "msg_user", role: "user", title: "用户", text: "hi", status: "sent", createdAt: "2026-06-30T00:00:00.000Z", sessionId: "ses_a", traceId: "trc_a" },
+    { id: "msg_agent_old", messageId: "msg_agent", role: "agent", title: "Code Agent", text: "", status: "running", createdAt: "2026-06-30T00:00:01.000Z", sessionId: "ses_a", traceId: "trc_a" },
+    { id: "msg_agent_new", messageId: "msg_agent", role: "agent", title: "Code Agent", text: "done", status: "completed", createdAt: "2026-06-30T00:00:01.000Z", sessionId: "ses_a", traceId: "trc_a" }
+  ]);
+
+  assert.equal(rows.length, 2);
+  assert.deepEqual(rows.map((row) => `${row.role}:${row.message.text}`), ["user:hi", "agent:done"]);
+  assert.match(workbenchTimelineSignature(rows), /completed:4/u);
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeWorkbenchTimelineMessages(rows.map((row) => row.message)).map((message) => message.messageId), ["msg_user", "msg_agent"]);
+});
+
+test("session cache trim keeps retained sessions and trims messages by explicit policy", () => {
+  const result = trimWorkbenchSessionCache({
+    sessionOrder: ["ses_1", "ses_2", "ses_3"],
+    sessionsById: {
+      ses_1: { sessionId: "ses_1" },
+      ses_2: { sessionId: "ses_2" },
+      ses_3: { sessionId: "ses_3" }
+    },
+    messagesBySessionId: {
+      ses_1: [{ id: "m1", role: "user", title: "用户", text: "1", status: "sent", createdAt: "2026-06-30T00:00:00.000Z" }],
+      ses_2: [
+        { id: "m2", role: "user", title: "用户", text: "2", status: "sent", createdAt: "2026-06-30T00:00:00.000Z" },
+        { id: "m3", role: "agent", title: "Code Agent", text: "3", status: "completed", createdAt: "2026-06-30T00:00:01.000Z" }
+      ],
+      ses_3: [{ id: "m4", role: "user", title: "用户", text: "4", status: "sent", createdAt: "2026-06-30T00:00:00.000Z" }]
+    }
+  }, { retainSessionIds: ["ses_3"], maxSessions: 1, maxMessagesPerSession: 1 });
+
+  assert.deepEqual(result.state.sessionOrder, ["ses_1", "ses_3"]);
+  assert.deepEqual(result.evictedSessionIds, ["ses_2"]);
+  assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(result.state.sessionsById).sort(), ["ses_1", "ses_3"]);
+});
+
+test("health probe cache records ok and unavailable states", async () => {
+  const cache = createWorkbenchHealthProbeCache({ cacheMs: 100 });
+  const ok = await cache.probe({ key: "workbench", fetcher: async () => ({ ready: true }), classify: (value) => value.ready ? "ok" : "degraded" });
+  assert.equal(ok.state, "ok");
+  assert.deepEqual(cache.get("workbench")?.value, { ready: true });
+
+  cache.clear("workbench");
+  const failed = await cache.probe({ key: "workbench", fetcher: async () => { throw new Error("offline"); } });
+  assert.equal(failed.state, "unavailable");
+  assert.ok(failed.error instanceof Error);
+});
+
+test("health probe retries transient failures with caller supplied policy", async () => {
+  let calls = 0;
+  const result = await checkWorkbenchHealth({
+    key: "workbench",
+    retryCount: 2,
+    retryDelayMs: 1,
+    fetcher: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      if (calls < 3) throw new TypeError("network");
+      return { ready: true, version: "v" };
+    },
+    classify: (value) => value.ready ? "ok" : "degraded"
+  });
+  assert.equal(calls, 3);
+  assert.equal(result.state, "ok");
+  assert.deepEqual(result.value, { ready: true, version: "v" });
+});
+
+class MemoryStorage implements StorageLike {
+  private readonly values = new Map<string, string>();
+  readonly calls = { get: 0, set: 0, remove: 0 };
+
+  get length(): number {
+    return this.values.size;
+  }
+
+  key(index: number): string | null {
+    return Array.from(this.values.keys())[index] ?? null;
+  }
+
+  getItem(key: string): string | null {
+    this.calls.get += 1;
+    if (key.startsWith("hwlab.throw")) throw new Error("storage get failed");
+    return this.values.get(key) ?? null;
+  }
+
+  setItem(key: string, value: string): void {
+    this.calls.set += 1;
+    if (key.startsWith("hwlab.quota")) throw new DOMException("quota", "QuotaExceededError");
+    if (key.startsWith("hwlab.throw")) throw new Error("storage set failed");
+    this.values.set(key, value);
+  }
+
+  removeItem(key: string): void {
+    this.calls.remove += 1;
+    if (key.startsWith("hwlab.throw")) throw new Error("storage remove failed");
+    this.values.delete(key);
+  }
+}
+
diff --git a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/api/workbench-events.ts b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/api/workbench-events.ts
index d99c34a3..5bab01d9 100644
--- a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/api/workbench-events.ts
+++ b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/api/workbench-events.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-// SPEC: PJ2026-010403 API契约 draft-2026-06-18-r1; PJ2026-010401 Web工作台 draft-2026-06-18-r1; PJ2026-01060505 Workbench Performance draft-2026-06-17-p0.
+// SPEC: PJ2026-0106050514 Workbench实时运行面 draft-2026-06-30-p0-1297-spec-first; PJ2026-010403 API契约 draft-2026-06-18-r1; PJ2026-010401 Web工作台 draft-2026-06-18-r1; PJ2026-01060505 Workbench Performance draft-2026-06-17-p0.
 // Responsibility: Workbench SSE client. Realtime events accelerate UI projection; REST snapshots remain gap-fill authority.
 
 import type { ChatMessage, ProjectionDiagnostic, TraceEvent } from "@/types";
+import { createCoalescedEventQueue } from "@/utils/scheduler/coalesced-event-queue";
+import { composeWorkbenchScopedKey, firstScopePart } from "@/utils/workbench-key";
 import { recordWorkbenchSseLifecycle } from "@/utils/workbench-performance";
 
 export interface WorkbenchRealtimeTraceSnapshot {
@@ -52,6 +54,11 @@ export interface WorkbenchEventStream {
   close: () => void;
 }
 
+interface QueuedRealtimeEvent {
+  payload: WorkbenchRealtimeEvent;
+  eventName: string;
+}
+
 const WORKBENCH_EVENT_NAMES = [
   "workbench.connected",
   "workbench.trace.snapshot",
@@ -73,6 +80,12 @@ export function connectWorkbenchEvents(options: WorkbenchEventStreamOptions): Wo
   const connectStartedAt = typeof performance === "undefined" ? Date.now() : performance.now();
   recordWorkbenchSseLifecycle({ state: "connect", route: eventRoute, sessionId: options.sessionId, traceId: options.traceId });
   const source = new EventSource(eventRoute, { withCredentials: true });
+  const queue = createCoalescedEventQueue<QueuedRealtimeEvent>({
+    keyOf: (item) => realtimeCoalesceKey(item.payload, item.eventName),
+    onFlush: (items) => {
+      for (const item of items) options.onEvent(item.payload, item.eventName);
+    }
+  });
   source.onopen = () => {
     const openedAt = typeof performance === "undefined" ? Date.now() : performance.now();
     recordWorkbenchSseLifecycle({ state: "open", route: eventRoute, sessionId: options.sessionId, traceId: options.traceId, valueMs: Math.max(0, Math.round(openedAt - connectStartedAt)) });
@@ -85,17 +98,18 @@ export function connectWorkbenchEvents(options: WorkbenchEventStreamOptions): Wo
   const listeners = WORKBENCH_EVENT_NAMES.map((name) => {
     const listener = (event: MessageEvent) => {
       const payload = parseRealtimeEvent(event.data);
-      if (payload) options.onEvent(payload, name);
+      if (payload) queue.push({ payload, eventName: name });
     };
     source.addEventListener(name, listener);
     return { name, listener };
   });
   source.onmessage = (event) => {
     const payload = parseRealtimeEvent(event.data);
-    if (payload) options.onEvent(payload, "message");
+    if (payload) queue.push({ payload, eventName: "message" });
   };
   return {
     close() {
+      queue.flush();
       for (const { name, listener } of listeners) source.removeEventListener(name, listener);
       recordWorkbenchSseLifecycle({ state: "close", route: eventRoute, sessionId: options.sessionId, traceId: options.traceId });
       source.close();
@@ -122,3 +136,21 @@ function parseRealtimeEvent(raw: string): WorkbenchRealtimeEvent | null {
     return null;
   }
 }
+
+function realtimeCoalesceKey(event: WorkbenchRealtimeEvent, eventName: string): string | null {
+  const sessionId = firstScopePart(event.sessionId, event.message?.sessionId, event.snapshot?.sessionId, event.event?.sessionId);
+  const traceId = firstScopePart(event.traceId, event.message?.traceId, event.snapshot?.traceId, event.event?.traceId);
+  const outboxSeq = numericCursor(event.cursor?.outboxSeq ?? event.outboxSeq);
+  const traceSeq = numericCursor(event.cursor?.traceSeq ?? event.traceSeq ?? event.event?.seq ?? event.event?.projectedSeq);
+  if (eventName === "workbench.trace.event" || eventName === "message") {
+    const eventSeq = outboxSeq ?? traceSeq;
+    return eventSeq === null ? null : composeWorkbenchScopedKey("workbench.sse.event", sessionId, traceId, eventName, eventSeq);
+  }
+  const messageId = firstScopePart(event.message?.messageId, event.message?.id);
+  return composeWorkbenchScopedKey("workbench.sse.snapshot", sessionId, traceId, eventName, messageId, outboxSeq ?? traceSeq);
+}
+
+function numericCursor(value: unknown): number | null {
+  const parsed = Number(value);
+  return Number.isFinite(parsed) && parsed >= 0 ? Math.trunc(parsed) : null;
+}
diff --git a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/components/workbench/ConversationPanel.vue b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/components/workbench/ConversationPanel.vue
index 652b1b62..425221fb 100644
--- a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/components/workbench/ConversationPanel.vue
+++ b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/components/workbench/ConversationPanel.vue
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-// SPEC: PJ2026-01060505 Workbench Performance draft-2026-06-17-p0; PJ2026-0104010803 唯一投影 draft-2026-06-19-p2-terminal-sealed-final-response; PJ2026-010401 Web工作台 draft-2026-06-20-p1-view-local-timing-ticker.
+// SPEC: PJ2026-0106050514 Workbench实时运行面 draft-2026-06-30-p0-1297-spec-first; PJ2026-01060505 Workbench Performance draft-2026-06-17-p0; PJ2026-0104010803 唯一投影 draft-2026-06-19-p2-terminal-sealed-final-response; PJ2026-010401 Web工作台 draft-2026-06-20-p1-view-local-timing-ticker.
 // Confirms Workbench message visibility after Vue render and keeps sealed final responses separate from diagnostics.
 
 import { computed, nextTick, onMounted, ref, watch } from "vue";
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { useBottomFollowScroll } from "@/composables/useBottomFollowScroll";
 import { useClipboard } from "@/composables/useClipboard";
 import { useWorkbenchNowTicker } from "@/composables/useWorkbenchNowTicker";
 import { useWorkbenchStore } from "@/stores/workbench";
+import { buildWorkbenchTimelineRows, workbenchTimelineSignature } from "@/stores/workbench-timeline-model";
 import { acknowledgeWorkbenchVisibleAfterPaint } from "@/utils/workbench-performance";
 import { traceIdentityText } from "./message-rendering";
 import { traceLifecycleExpanded } from "./trace-lifecycle";
@@ -27,15 +28,12 @@ const panelRef = ref<HTMLElement | null>(null);
 const { following, keepBottomAfterUpdate, onScroll: onPanelScroll, scrollToBottom } = useBottomFollowScroll(panelRef, { threshold: 56 });
 const detailMessageId = ref<string | null>(null);
 const visibleMessages = computed(() => workbench.sessionDetailLoading ? [] : workbench.activeMessages);
+const visibleTimelineRows = computed(() => buildWorkbenchTimelineRows(visibleMessages.value));
 const hasRunningAgentMessages = computed(() => visibleMessages.value.some(isRunningMessage));
 const { nowMs } = useWorkbenchNowTicker(hasRunningAgentMessages);
 const detailMessage = computed(() => workbench.activeMessages.find((message) => message.id === detailMessageId.value) ?? null);
 const traceTimelinePolicy = computed(() => workbenchTraceTimelinePolicy());
-const scrollSignature = computed(() => workbench.activeMessages.map((message) => [
-  message.id,
-  message.status,
-  visibleMessageText(message).length
-].join(":")).join("|"));
+const scrollSignature = computed(() => workbenchTimelineSignature(visibleTimelineRows.value));
 
 watch(scrollSignature, async () => {
   await keepBottomAfterUpdate();
@@ -304,8 +302,8 @@ function formatDuration(ms: number): string {
   <section id="conversation-list" ref="panelRef" class="conversation-panel" :data-following="following ? 'true' : 'false'" @scroll="onPanelScroll">
     <LoadingState v-if="workbench.sessionDetailLoading" class="conversation-detail-loading" label="加载中" />
         <article
-          v-for="message in visibleMessages"
-          :key="message.id"
+          v-for="{ key, message } in visibleTimelineRows"
+          :key="key"
           class="message-card"
           :data-role="message.role"
           :data-status="message.status"
diff --git a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/stores/workbench-session-cache.ts b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/stores/workbench-session-cache.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a9b092b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/stores/workbench-session-cache.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// SPEC: PJ2026-0106050514 Workbench实时运行面 draft-2026-06-30-p0-1297-spec-first; PJ2026-01060505 Workbench性能 draft-2026-06-19-p0.
+// Responsibility: Policy-driven Workbench session cache trimming without hidden capacity defaults.
+
+import type { ChatMessage, WorkbenchSessionRecord } from "@/types";
+
+export interface WorkbenchSessionCacheState {
+  sessionOrder: string[];
+  sessionsById: Record<string, WorkbenchSessionRecord>;
+  messagesBySessionId: Record<string, ChatMessage[]>;
+}
+
+export interface WorkbenchSessionCachePolicy {
+  retainSessionIds?: Iterable<string | null | undefined>;
+  maxSessions?: number | null;
+  maxMessagesPerSession?: number | null;
+}
+
+export interface WorkbenchSessionCacheTrimResult<T extends WorkbenchSessionCacheState> {
+  state: T;
+  evictedSessionIds: string[];
+  trimmedMessageSessionIds: string[];
+}
+
+export function trimWorkbenchSessionCache<T extends WorkbenchSessionCacheState>(state: T, policy: WorkbenchSessionCachePolicy): WorkbenchSessionCacheTrimResult<T> {
+  const retain = new Set(normalizeIds(policy.retainSessionIds));
+  const maxSessions = positiveIntegerOrNull(policy.maxSessions);
+  const maxMessages = positiveIntegerOrNull(policy.maxMessagesPerSession);
+  const keptOrder = maxSessions === null ? [...state.sessionOrder] : keepSessionOrder(state.sessionOrder, retain, maxSessions);
+  const kept = new Set(keptOrder);
+  const evictedSessionIds = Object.keys(state.sessionsById).filter((sessionId) => !kept.has(sessionId));
+  const sessionsById = pickRecordKeys(state.sessionsById, kept);
+  const messagesBySessionId: Record<string, ChatMessage[]> = {};
+  const trimmedMessageSessionIds: string[] = [];
+  for (const sessionId of Object.keys(state.messagesBySessionId)) {
+    if (!kept.has(sessionId)) continue;
+    const messages = state.messagesBySessionId[sessionId] ?? [];
+    if (maxMessages !== null && messages.length > maxMessages) {
+      messagesBySessionId[sessionId] = messages.slice(messages.length - maxMessages);
+      trimmedMessageSessionIds.push(sessionId);
+    } else {
+      messagesBySessionId[sessionId] = messages;
+    }
+  }
+  return {
+    state: { ...state, sessionOrder: keptOrder, sessionsById, messagesBySessionId },
+    evictedSessionIds,
+    trimmedMessageSessionIds
+  };
+}
+
+function keepSessionOrder(order: string[], retain: Set<string>, maxSessions: number): string[] {
+  const kept: string[] = [];
+  for (const sessionId of order) {
+    if (retainedOrBelowLimit(sessionId, retain, kept.length, maxSessions)) kept.push(sessionId);
+  }
+  for (const sessionId of retain) {
+    if (order.includes(sessionId) && !kept.includes(sessionId)) kept.push(sessionId);
+  }
+  return kept;
+}
+
+function retainedOrBelowLimit(sessionId: string, retain: Set<string>, count: number, maxSessions: number): boolean {
+  return retain.has(sessionId) || count < maxSessions;
+}
+
+function pickRecordKeys<T>(record: Record<string, T>, keys: Set<string>): Record<string, T> {
+  const next: Record<string, T> = {};
+  for (const key of Object.keys(record)) if (keys.has(key)) next[key] = record[key] as T;
+  return next;
+}
+
+function normalizeIds(values: Iterable<string | null | undefined> | null | undefined): string[] {
+  if (!values) return [];
+  return [...values].map((value) => String(value ?? "").trim()).filter(Boolean);
+}
+
+function positiveIntegerOrNull(value: number | null | undefined): number | null {
+  if (typeof value !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(value) || value <= 0) return null;
+  return Math.trunc(value);
+}
+
diff --git a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/stores/workbench-timeline-model.ts b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/stores/workbench-timeline-model.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6fc86fdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/stores/workbench-timeline-model.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// SPEC: PJ2026-0106050514 Workbench实时运行面 draft-2026-06-30-p0-1297-spec-first; PJ2026-0104010803 Workbench唯一投影 draft-2026-06-28-p0-d518-session-timeline-consistency.
+// Responsibility: Stable Workbench timeline row identities derived from authoritative message projections.
+
+import type { ChatMessage } from "@/types";
+import { firstScopePart, workbenchTimelineRowScopeKey } from "@/utils/workbench-key";
+
+export interface WorkbenchMessageTimelineRow {
+  type: "message";
+  key: string;
+  identity: string;
+  message: ChatMessage;
+  role: ChatMessage["role"];
+  sessionId: string | null;
+  traceId: string | null;
+}
+
+export type WorkbenchTimelineRow = WorkbenchMessageTimelineRow;
+
+export function buildWorkbenchTimelineRows(messages: ChatMessage[]): WorkbenchTimelineRow[] {
+  const rows: WorkbenchTimelineRow[] = [];
+  const indexByIdentity = new Map<string, number>();
+  messages.forEach((message, index) => {
+    const identity = workbenchMessageIdentity(message, index);
+    const row: WorkbenchMessageTimelineRow = {
+      type: "message",
+      key: workbenchTimelineRowScopeKey({
+        sessionId: message.sessionId,
+        traceId: message.traceId,
+        type: "message",
+        role: message.role,
+        rowId: identity
+      }),
+      identity,
+      message,
+      role: message.role,
+      sessionId: firstScopePart(message.sessionId),
+      traceId: firstScopePart(message.traceId)
+    };
+    const existing = indexByIdentity.get(identity);
+    if (existing === undefined) {
+      indexByIdentity.set(identity, rows.length);
+      rows.push(row);
+    } else {
+      rows[existing] = row;
+    }
+  });
+  return rows;
+}
+
+export function normalizeWorkbenchTimelineMessages(messages: ChatMessage[]): ChatMessage[] {
+  return buildWorkbenchTimelineRows(messages).map((row) => row.message);
+}
+
+export function workbenchMessageIdentity(message: ChatMessage, fallbackIndex: number | null = null): string {
+  const authorityId = firstScopePart(message.messageId, message.id);
+  if (authorityId) return authorityId;
+  const turnId = firstScopePart(message.turnId);
+  if (turnId) return `turn:${turnId}`;
+  const traceId = firstScopePart(message.traceId);
+  if (traceId && message.role === "agent") return `agent-trace:${traceId}`;
+  return `message-index:${fallbackIndex ?? message.createdAt}`;
+}
+
+export function workbenchTimelineSignature(rows: WorkbenchTimelineRow[]): string {
+  return rows.map((row) => [row.key, row.message.status, String(row.message.text ?? "").length].join(":")).join("|");
+}
+
diff --git a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/stores/workbench.ts b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/stores/workbench.ts
index b71ee0f3..75141bad 100644
--- a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/stores/workbench.ts
+++ b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/stores/workbench.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// SPEC: PJ2026-010403 API契约 draft-2026-06-18-r1; PJ2026-010401 Web工作台 draft-2026-06-18-r1; PJ2026-0104010803 唯一投影 draft-2026-06-18-p0-unique-projection; draft-2026-06-28-p0-d518-session-timeline-consistency; PJ2026-01060505 Workbench Performance draft-2026-06-17-p0.
+// SPEC: PJ2026-0106050514 Workbench实时运行面 draft-2026-06-30-p0-1297-spec-first; PJ2026-010403 API契约 draft-2026-06-18-r1; PJ2026-010401 Web工作台 draft-2026-06-18-r1; PJ2026-0104010803 唯一投影 draft-2026-06-18-p0-unique-projection; draft-2026-06-28-p0-d518-session-timeline-consistency; PJ2026-01060505 Workbench Performance draft-2026-06-17-p0.
 // Responsibility: Session-first Workbench state orchestration for selection, turn admission, and trace lifecycle rendering.
 
 import { computed, nextTick, ref } from "vue";
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { connectWorkbenchEvents, type WorkbenchEventStream, type WorkbenchRealti
 import { mergeRunnerTrace, snapshotToRunnerTrace, type TraceSnapshot } from "@/composables/useTraceSubscription";
 import type { AgentChatResponse, AgentChatResultResponse, AgentRunProvenance, ApiError, ApiResult, ChatMessage, ErrorDiagnostic, LiveSurface, ProjectionBlocker, ProjectionDiagnostic, ProviderProfile, TraceEvent, WorkbenchSessionRecord, WorkbenchTurnTimingProjection } from "@/types";
 import { firstNonEmptyString, nextProtocolId, normalizeWorkbenchSessionId, normalizeWorkbenchSessionRouteId } from "@/utils";
+import { workbenchRealtimeScopeKey } from "@/utils/workbench-key";
 import { failWorkbenchSessionSwitch, failWorkbenchSubmitJourney, finishWorkbenchSessionSwitchFullLoad, markWorkbenchSubmitApiAccepted, markWorkbenchTraceEventsReceived, markWorkbenchTraceProjected, recordWorkbenchLoadingState, startWorkbenchSessionSwitch, startWorkbenchSubmitJourney } from "@/utils/workbench-performance";
 import { RECENT_DRAFTS_STORAGE_KEY, appendSessionPage, defaultProviderProfileOptions, isArchivedSession, mergeSessionIntoList, normalizeChatMessageStatus, normalizeRecentDrafts, normalizeWorkbenchMessageTitle, providerProfileOptionsFromPayload, recordRecentDraft, resolveCancelableAgentMessage, resolveComposerState, shouldShowSessionListLoading, sortSessionTabs, stableSessionList, type DraftEntry, type ProviderProfileOption, type TurnStatusAuthority } from "./workbench-session";
 import { initialWorkbenchSessionIdFromLocation } from "./workbench-projection";
@@ -1164,7 +1165,7 @@ function nonBlockingProjection(projection: ProjectionDiagnostic | null): Project
   function restartRealtime(reason: string): void {
     const traceId = realtimeTraceId();
     const sessionId = selectedSessionId.value ?? null;
-    const key = [sessionId ?? "", traceId ?? ""].join("|");
+    const key = workbenchRealtimeScopeKey(sessionId, traceId);
     if (key === realtimeKey && realtimeStream) return;
     stopRealtime();
     realtimeKey = key;
@@ -1183,8 +1184,8 @@ function nonBlockingProjection(projection: ProjectionDiagnostic | null): Project
   function handleRealtimeStreamError(sessionId: string | null, traceId: string | null): void {
     const activeId = normalizeWorkbenchSessionId(sessionId ?? selectedSessionId.value);
     const activeTraceId = firstNonEmptyString(traceId, realtimeTraceId());
-    const key = [activeId ?? "", activeTraceId ?? ""].join("|");
-    if (!key.trim()) return;
+    if (!activeId && !activeTraceId) return;
+    const key = workbenchRealtimeScopeKey(activeId, activeTraceId);
     const lastAt = realtimeErrorGapFillLastAtByKey.get(key) ?? 0;
     if (lastAt > 0 && Date.now() - lastAt < WORKBENCH_REALTIME_ERROR_GAP_FILL_MIN_MS) return;
     realtimeErrorGapFillLastAtByKey.set(key, Date.now());
@@ -1261,8 +1262,8 @@ function nonBlockingProjection(projection: ProjectionDiagnostic | null): Project
     if (outboxSeq === null) return;
     const sessionId = realtimeEventSessionId(event) ?? selectedSessionId.value ?? null;
     const traceId = firstNonEmptyString(event.traceId, event.event?.traceId, event.snapshot?.traceId, currentRequest.value?.traceId, activeTraceIdFromMessages(messages.value, turnStatusAuthority.value));
-    const key = [sessionId ?? "", traceId ?? ""].join("|");
-    if (!key.trim()) return;
+    if (!sessionId && !traceId) return;
+    const key = workbenchRealtimeScopeKey(sessionId, traceId);
     const previous = realtimeOutboxSeqByKey.get(key) ?? 0;
     if (outboxSeq > previous) realtimeOutboxSeqByKey.set(key, outboxSeq);
   }
diff --git a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/safe-storage.ts b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/safe-storage.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e786b56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/safe-storage.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+// SPEC: PJ2026-0106050514 Workbench实时运行面 draft-2026-06-30-p0-1297-spec-first.
+// Responsibility: Storage quota/fallback/cache/migration helpers. Mechanically migrated from OpenCode app/utils/persist.ts with all capacities supplied by runtime policy.
+
+export interface StorageLike {
+  readonly length?: number;
+  key?(index: number): string | null;
+  getItem(key: string): string | null;
+  setItem(key: string, value: string): void;
+  removeItem(key: string): void;
+}
+
+export interface SafeStorageRuntimePolicy {
+  cacheMaxEntries?: number | null;
+  cacheMaxBytes?: number | null;
+  evictPrefix?: string | null;
+}
+
+export type SafeStorageStatus = "ok" | "missing" | "storage_unavailable" | "parse_error" | "write_error" | "remove_error";
+
+export interface SafeStorageResult<T> {
+  ok: boolean;
+  status: SafeStorageStatus;
+  value: T;
+  error?: unknown;
+}
+
+export interface PersistTarget {
+  storage?: string;
+  legacyStorageNames?: string[];
+  key: string;
+  legacy?: string[];
+  migrate?: (value: unknown) => unknown;
+}
+
+interface CacheEntry {
+  value: string;
+  bytes: number;
+}
+
+export function createSafeStorageRuntime(policy: SafeStorageRuntimePolicy = {}) {
+  const cache = new Map<string, CacheEntry>();
+  const cacheTotal = { bytes: 0 };
+  const fallback = new Map<string, boolean>();
+
+  const cacheDelete = (key: string) => {
+    const entry = cache.get(key);
+    if (!entry) return;
+    cacheTotal.bytes -= entry.bytes;
+    cache.delete(key);
+  };
+
+  const cachePrune = () => {
+    for (;;) {
+      const entryLimitOk = policy.cacheMaxEntries === undefined || policy.cacheMaxEntries === null || cache.size <= policy.cacheMaxEntries;
+      const byteLimitOk = policy.cacheMaxBytes === undefined || policy.cacheMaxBytes === null || cacheTotal.bytes <= policy.cacheMaxBytes;
+      if (entryLimitOk && byteLimitOk) return;
+      const oldest = cache.keys().next().value as string | undefined;
+      if (!oldest) return;
+      cacheDelete(oldest);
+    }
+  };
+
+  const cacheSet = (key: string, value: string) => {
+    const bytes = value.length * 2;
+    if (policy.cacheMaxBytes !== undefined && policy.cacheMaxBytes !== null && bytes > policy.cacheMaxBytes) {
+      cacheDelete(key);
+      return;
+    }
+    const entry = cache.get(key);
+    if (entry) cacheTotal.bytes -= entry.bytes;
+    cache.delete(key);
+    cache.set(key, { value, bytes });
+    cacheTotal.bytes += bytes;
+    cachePrune();
+  };
+
+  const cacheGet = (key: string) => {
+    const entry = cache.get(key);
+    if (!entry) return undefined;
+    cache.delete(key);
+    cache.set(key, entry);
+    return entry.value;
+  };
+
+  const fallbackDisabled = (scope: string) => fallback.get(scope) === true;
+  const fallbackSet = (scope: string) => fallback.set(scope, true);
+
+  const write = (storage: StorageLike, key: string, value: string) => {
+    try {
+      storage.setItem(key, value);
+      cacheSet(key, value);
+      return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (!isStorageQuotaError(error)) throw error;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      storage.removeItem(key);
+      cacheDelete(key);
+      storage.setItem(key, value);
+      cacheSet(key, value);
+      return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (!isStorageQuotaError(error)) throw error;
+    }
+
+    return evict(storage, key, value, policy.evictPrefix ?? "", cacheDelete, cacheSet);
+  };
+
+  const direct = (storage: StorageLike | null | undefined, scope = "direct"): StorageLike => ({
+    getItem: (key) => {
+      const cached = cacheGet(key);
+      if (!storage || fallbackDisabled(scope)) return cached ?? null;
+      const stored = safeCall(() => storage.getItem(key), () => fallbackSet(scope));
+      if (stored === null || stored === undefined) return cached ?? null;
+      cacheSet(key, stored);
+      return stored;
+    },
+    setItem: (key, value) => {
+      if (!storage || fallbackDisabled(scope)) return;
+      try {
+        if (write(storage, key, value)) return;
+      } catch {
+        fallbackSet(scope);
+        return;
+      }
+      fallbackSet(scope);
+    },
+    removeItem: (key) => {
+      cacheDelete(key);
+      if (!storage || fallbackDisabled(scope)) return;
+      safeCall(() => storage.removeItem(key), () => fallbackSet(scope));
+    }
+  });
+
+  const prefixed = (prefix: string, storage: StorageLike | null | undefined): StorageLike => {
+    const base = `${prefix}:`;
+    const item = (key: string) => base + key;
+    const scoped = direct(storage, `prefix:${prefix}`);
+    return {
+      getItem: (key) => scoped.getItem(item(key)),
+      setItem: (key, value) => scoped.setItem(item(key), value),
+      removeItem: (key) => scoped.removeItem(item(key))
+    };
+  };
+
+  return {
+    cacheGet,
+    cacheSet,
+    cacheDelete,
+    localStorageDirect: direct,
+    localStorageWithPrefix: prefixed,
+    cacheSize: () => cache.size,
+    fallbackDisabled
+  };
+}
+
+export function readJsonStorage<T>(storage: StorageLike | null | undefined, key: string, fallback: T): SafeStorageResult<T> {
+  if (!storage) return { ok: false, status: "storage_unavailable", value: fallback };
+  try {
+    const raw = storage.getItem(key);
+    if (raw === null) return { ok: true, status: "missing", value: fallback };
+    return { ok: true, status: "ok", value: JSON.parse(raw) as T };
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { ok: false, status: "parse_error", value: fallback, error };
+  }
+}
+
+export function writeJsonStorage<T>(storage: StorageLike | null | undefined, key: string, value: T): SafeStorageResult<T> {
+  if (!storage) return { ok: false, status: "storage_unavailable", value };
+  try {
+    storage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(value));
+    return { ok: true, status: "ok", value };
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { ok: false, status: "write_error", value, error };
+  }
+}
+
+export function removeStorageKey(storage: StorageLike | null | undefined, key: string): SafeStorageResult<null> {
+  if (!storage) return { ok: false, status: "storage_unavailable", value: null };
+  try {
+    storage.removeItem(key);
+    return { ok: true, status: "ok", value: null };
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { ok: false, status: "remove_error", value: null, error };
+  }
+}
+
+export function normalizePersistedValue(defaults: unknown, raw: string, migrate?: (value: unknown) => unknown): string | undefined {
+  const parsed = parseJson(raw);
+  if (parsed === undefined) return undefined;
+  const migrated = migrate ? migrate(parsed) : parsed;
+  return JSON.stringify(mergePersistedDefaults(defaults, migrated));
+}
+
+export function migrateLegacyStorage(input: { current: StorageLike; legacyStore?: StorageLike; stores: StorageLike[]; keys: string[]; key: string; defaults: unknown; migrate?: (value: unknown) => unknown }): string | null {
+  for (const store of input.stores) {
+    const raw = store.getItem(input.key);
+    if (raw === null) continue;
+    const next = normalizePersistedValue(input.defaults, raw, input.migrate);
+    if (next === undefined) {
+      store.removeItem(input.key);
+      continue;
+    }
+    input.current.setItem(input.key, next);
+    store.removeItem(input.key);
+    return next;
+  }
+
+  if (!input.legacyStore) return null;
+  for (const key of input.keys) {
+    const raw = input.legacyStore.getItem(key);
+    if (raw === null) continue;
+    const next = normalizePersistedValue(input.defaults, raw, input.migrate);
+    if (next === undefined) {
+      input.legacyStore.removeItem(key);
+      continue;
+    }
+    input.current.setItem(input.key, next);
+    input.legacyStore.removeItem(key);
+    return next;
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+export function removePersistedTarget(target: { storage?: string; legacyStorageNames?: string[]; key: string }, runtime = createSafeStorageRuntime(), storage: StorageLike | null | undefined = globalStorage()): void {
+  if (!target.storage) {
+    runtime.localStorageDirect(storage).removeItem(target.key);
+    return;
+  }
+  runtime.localStorageWithPrefix(target.storage, storage).removeItem(target.key);
+  for (const legacy of target.legacyStorageNames ?? []) runtime.localStorageWithPrefix(legacy, storage).removeItem(target.key);
+}
+
+export function isStorageQuotaError(error: unknown): boolean {
+  if (typeof DOMException !== "undefined" && error instanceof DOMException) {
+    if (error.name === "QuotaExceededError") return true;
+    if (error.name === "NS_ERROR_DOM_QUOTA_REACHED") return true;
+    if (error.name === "QUOTA_EXCEEDED_ERR") return true;
+    if (error.code === 22 || error.code === 1014) return true;
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (!error || typeof error !== "object") return false;
+  const name = (error as { name?: string }).name;
+  if (name === "QuotaExceededError" || name === "NS_ERROR_DOM_QUOTA_REACHED") return true;
+  if (name && /quota/iu.test(name)) return true;
+  const code = (error as { code?: number }).code;
+  if (code === 22 || code === 1014) return true;
+  const message = (error as { message?: string }).message;
+  return typeof message === "string" && /quota/iu.test(message);
+}
+
+export function mergePersistedDefaults(defaults: unknown, value: unknown): unknown {
+  if (value === undefined) return defaults;
+  if (value === null) return value;
+  if (Array.isArray(defaults)) return Array.isArray(value) ? value : defaults;
+  if (isRecord(defaults)) {
+    if (!isRecord(value)) return defaults;
+    const result: Record<string, unknown> = { ...defaults };
+    for (const key of Object.keys(value)) {
+      result[key] = key in defaults ? mergePersistedDefaults((defaults as Record<string, unknown>)[key], value[key]) : value[key];
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
+function evict(storage: StorageLike, keep: string, value: string, prefix: string, cacheDelete: (key: string) => void, cacheSet: (key: string, value: string) => void): boolean {
+  const total = storage.length ?? 0;
+  const items: Array<{ key: string; size: number }> = [];
+  for (const index of Array.from({ length: total }, (_, item) => item)) {
+    const name = storage.key?.(index);
+    if (!name) continue;
+    if (prefix && !name.startsWith(prefix)) continue;
+    if (name === keep) continue;
+    const stored = storage.getItem(name);
+    items.push({ key: name, size: stored?.length ?? 0 });
+  }
+  items.sort((a, b) => b.size - a.size);
+  for (const item of items) {
+    storage.removeItem(item.key);
+    cacheDelete(item.key);
+    try {
+      storage.setItem(keep, value);
+      cacheSet(keep, value);
+      return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (!isStorageQuotaError(error)) throw error;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+function parseJson(value: string): unknown | undefined {
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(value);
+  } catch {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+}
+
+function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
+}
+
+function safeCall<T>(fn: () => T, onError: () => void): T | null {
+  try {
+    return fn();
+  } catch {
+    onError();
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+function globalStorage(): StorageLike | null {
+  if (typeof globalThis === "undefined") return null;
+  return (globalThis as typeof globalThis & { localStorage?: StorageLike }).localStorage ?? null;
+}
+
diff --git a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/scheduler/async-queue.ts b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/scheduler/async-queue.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f75cadd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/scheduler/async-queue.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// SPEC: PJ2026-0106050514 Workbench实时运行面 draft-2026-06-30-p0-1297-spec-first.
+// Responsibility: Async queue and bounded worker pool. Mechanically migrated from OpenCode opencode/src/util/queue.ts.
+
+export class AsyncQueue<T> implements AsyncIterable<T> {
+  private queue: T[] = [];
+  private resolvers: Array<(value: T) => void> = [];
+
+  push(item: T): void {
+    const resolve = this.resolvers.shift();
+    if (resolve) resolve(item);
+    else this.queue.push(item);
+  }
+
+  async next(): Promise<T> {
+    if (this.queue.length > 0) return this.queue.shift() as T;
+    return new Promise((resolve) => this.resolvers.push(resolve));
+  }
+
+  async *[Symbol.asyncIterator](): AsyncIterator<T> {
+    while (true) yield await this.next();
+  }
+}
+
+export async function work<T>(concurrency: number, items: T[], fn: (item: T) => Promise<void>): Promise<void> {
+  const pending = [...items];
+  await Promise.all(
+    Array.from({ length: concurrency }, async () => {
+      while (true) {
+        const item = pending.pop();
+        if (item === undefined) return;
+        await fn(item);
+      }
+    })
+  );
+}
+
diff --git a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/scheduler/coalesced-event-queue.ts b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/scheduler/coalesced-event-queue.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05c4a109
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/scheduler/coalesced-event-queue.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// SPEC: PJ2026-0106050514 Workbench实时运行面 draft-2026-06-30-p0-1297-spec-first.
+// Responsibility: Framework-agnostic event coalescing for Workbench SSE and refresh dispatch.
+
+export type CoalescedQueueKey = string | null | undefined;
+export type CoalescedQueueCancel = () => void;
+export type CoalescedQueueScheduler = (flush: () => void) => CoalescedQueueCancel | void;
+
+export interface CoalescedEventQueueOptions<T> {
+  keyOf: (item: T) => CoalescedQueueKey;
+  onFlush: (items: T[]) => void;
+  schedule?: CoalescedQueueScheduler;
+}
+
+export class CoalescedEventQueue<T> {
+  private readonly keyOf: (item: T) => CoalescedQueueKey;
+  private readonly onFlush: (items: T[]) => void;
+  private readonly scheduleFlush: CoalescedQueueScheduler;
+  private items: T[] = [];
+  private keyIndex = new Map<string, number>();
+  private cancelScheduled: CoalescedQueueCancel | null = null;
+
+  constructor(options: CoalescedEventQueueOptions<T>) {
+    this.keyOf = options.keyOf;
+    this.onFlush = options.onFlush;
+    this.scheduleFlush = options.schedule ?? defaultScheduler;
+  }
+
+  get size(): number {
+    return this.items.length;
+  }
+
+  push(item: T): void {
+    const key = normalizedKey(this.keyOf(item));
+    if (key && this.keyIndex.has(key)) {
+      this.items[this.keyIndex.get(key) ?? 0] = item;
+    } else {
+      if (key) this.keyIndex.set(key, this.items.length);
+      this.items.push(item);
+    }
+    this.ensureScheduled();
+  }
+
+  flush(): T[] {
+    if (this.cancelScheduled) {
+      this.cancelScheduled();
+      this.cancelScheduled = null;
+    }
+    if (this.items.length === 0) return [];
+    const items = this.items;
+    this.items = [];
+    this.keyIndex = new Map();
+    this.onFlush(items);
+    return items;
+  }
+
+  clear(): void {
+    if (this.cancelScheduled) {
+      this.cancelScheduled();
+      this.cancelScheduled = null;
+    }
+    this.items = [];
+    this.keyIndex = new Map();
+  }
+
+  private ensureScheduled(): void {
+    if (this.cancelScheduled) return;
+    const cancel = this.scheduleFlush(() => this.flush());
+    this.cancelScheduled = typeof cancel === "function" ? cancel : null;
+  }
+}
+
+export function createCoalescedEventQueue<T>(options: CoalescedEventQueueOptions<T>): CoalescedEventQueue<T> {
+  return new CoalescedEventQueue(options);
+}
+
+function defaultScheduler(flush: () => void): CoalescedQueueCancel {
+  if (typeof queueMicrotask === "function") {
+    let canceled = false;
+    queueMicrotask(() => {
+      if (!canceled) flush();
+    });
+    return () => {
+      canceled = true;
+    };
+  }
+  let canceled = false;
+  void Promise.resolve().then(() => {
+    if (!canceled) flush();
+  });
+  return () => {
+    canceled = true;
+  };
+}
+
+function normalizedKey(value: CoalescedQueueKey): string | null {
+  if (typeof value !== "string") return null;
+  const text = value.trim();
+  return text ? text : null;
+}
+
diff --git a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/scheduler/keyed-singleflight.ts b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/scheduler/keyed-singleflight.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69dad924
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/scheduler/keyed-singleflight.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// SPEC: PJ2026-0106050514 Workbench实时运行面 draft-2026-06-30-p0-1297-spec-first.
+// Responsibility: Keyed single-flight primitive for Workbench REST refresh and health probes.
+
+export interface KeyedSingleflightContext {
+  key: string;
+  signal: AbortSignal;
+  generation: number;
+  reason?: string | null;
+}
+
+export interface KeyedSingleflightRunOptions {
+  replace?: boolean;
+  reason?: string | null;
+}
+
+interface InflightEntry<T> {
+  generation: number;
+  controller: AbortController;
+  promise: Promise<T>;
+}
+
+export class KeyedSingleflight<T> {
+  private readonly inflight = new Map<string, InflightEntry<T>>();
+  private readonly generations = new Map<string, number>();
+
+  get size(): number {
+    return this.inflight.size;
+  }
+
+  run(key: string, task: (context: KeyedSingleflightContext) => Promise<T> | T, options: KeyedSingleflightRunOptions = {}): Promise<T> {
+    const normalized = normalizeKey(key);
+    const existing = this.inflight.get(normalized);
+    if (existing && !options.replace) return existing.promise;
+    if (existing) existing.controller.abort(options.reason ?? "singleflight-replaced");
+
+    const generation = (this.generations.get(normalized) ?? 0) + 1;
+    this.generations.set(normalized, generation);
+    const controller = new AbortController();
+    const promise = Promise.resolve()
+      .then(() => task({ key: normalized, signal: controller.signal, generation, reason: options.reason ?? null }))
+      .finally(() => {
+        const current = this.inflight.get(normalized);
+        if (current?.generation === generation) this.inflight.delete(normalized);
+      });
+    this.inflight.set(normalized, { generation, controller, promise });
+    return promise;
+  }
+
+  cancel(key: string, reason?: string): boolean {
+    const normalized = normalizeKey(key);
+    const existing = this.inflight.get(normalized);
+    if (!existing) return false;
+    existing.controller.abort(reason ?? "singleflight-canceled");
+    this.inflight.delete(normalized);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  invalidate(key: string): void {
+    const normalized = normalizeKey(key);
+    this.generations.set(normalized, (this.generations.get(normalized) ?? 0) + 1);
+    this.cancel(normalized, "singleflight-invalidated");
+  }
+
+  isCurrent(key: string, generation: number): boolean {
+    return (this.generations.get(normalizeKey(key)) ?? 0) === generation;
+  }
+
+  clear(reason = "singleflight-cleared"): void {
+    for (const entry of this.inflight.values()) entry.controller.abort(reason);
+    this.inflight.clear();
+  }
+}
+
+export function createKeyedSingleflight<T>(): KeyedSingleflight<T> {
+  return new KeyedSingleflight<T>();
+}
+
+function normalizeKey(key: string): string {
+  const text = key.trim();
+  if (!text) throw new Error("singleflight key is required");
+  return text;
+}
+
diff --git a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/scoped-cache.ts b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/scoped-cache.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c05c506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/scoped-cache.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+// SPEC: PJ2026-0106050514 Workbench实时运行面 draft-2026-06-30-p0-1297-spec-first.
+// Responsibility: LRU/TTL scoped cache for Workbench runtime objects. Mechanically migrated from OpenCode app/utils/scoped-cache.ts with policy supplied by caller.
+
+export interface ScopedCacheOptions<T> {
+  maxEntries?: number | null;
+  ttlMs?: number | null;
+  dispose?: (value: T, key: string) => void;
+  now?: () => number;
+}
+
+interface Entry<T> {
+  value: T;
+  touchedAt: number;
+}
+
+export function createScopedCache<T>(createValue: (key: string) => T, options: ScopedCacheOptions<T> = {}) {
+  const store = new Map<string, Entry<T>>();
+  const now = options.now ?? Date.now;
+
+  const dispose = (key: string, entry: Entry<T>) => {
+    options.dispose?.(entry.value, key);
+  };
+
+  const expired = (entry: Entry<T>) => {
+    if (options.ttlMs === undefined || options.ttlMs === null) return false;
+    return now() - entry.touchedAt >= options.ttlMs;
+  };
+
+  const sweep = () => {
+    if (options.ttlMs === undefined || options.ttlMs === null) return;
+    for (const [key, entry] of store) {
+      if (!expired(entry)) continue;
+      store.delete(key);
+      dispose(key, entry);
+    }
+  };
+
+  const touch = (key: string, entry: Entry<T>) => {
+    entry.touchedAt = now();
+    store.delete(key);
+    store.set(key, entry);
+  };
+
+  const prune = () => {
+    if (options.maxEntries === undefined || options.maxEntries === null) return;
+    while (store.size > options.maxEntries) {
+      const key = store.keys().next().value as string | undefined;
+      if (!key) return;
+      const entry = store.get(key);
+      store.delete(key);
+      if (!entry) continue;
+      dispose(key, entry);
+    }
+  };
+
+  const remove = (key: string) => {
+    const entry = store.get(key);
+    if (!entry) return undefined;
+    store.delete(key);
+    dispose(key, entry);
+    return entry.value;
+  };
+
+  const peek = (key: string) => {
+    sweep();
+    const entry = store.get(key);
+    if (!entry) return undefined;
+    if (!expired(entry)) return entry.value;
+    store.delete(key);
+    dispose(key, entry);
+    return undefined;
+  };
+
+  const get = (key: string) => {
+    sweep();
+    const entry = store.get(key);
+    if (entry && !expired(entry)) {
+      touch(key, entry);
+      return entry.value;
+    }
+    if (entry) {
+      store.delete(key);
+      dispose(key, entry);
+    }
+    const created = {
+      value: createValue(key),
+      touchedAt: now()
+    };
+    store.set(key, created);
+    prune();
+    return created.value;
+  };
+
+  const clear = () => {
+    for (const [key, entry] of store) dispose(key, entry);
+    store.clear();
+  };
+
+  return {
+    get,
+    peek,
+    delete: remove,
+    clear,
+    size: () => store.size
+  };
+}
+
diff --git a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/workbench-health.ts b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/workbench-health.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee0a7abc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/workbench-health.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+// SPEC: PJ2026-0106050514 Workbench实时运行面 draft-2026-06-30-p0-1297-spec-first; PJ2026-01060505 Workbench性能 draft-2026-06-19-p0.
+// Responsibility: Health probe retry/cache helpers. Mechanically migrated from OpenCode app/utils/server-health.ts with all timing supplied by runtime policy.
+
+export type WorkbenchHealthState = "ok" | "degraded" | "unavailable" | "blocked";
+
+export interface WorkbenchHealthSnapshot<T = unknown> {
+  key: string;
+  state: WorkbenchHealthState;
+  value: T | null;
+  error: unknown | null;
+  observedAt: string;
+}
+
+export interface CheckWorkbenchHealthOptions<T> {
+  key: string;
+  fetcher: (signal: AbortSignal | undefined) => Promise<T>;
+  classify?: (value: T) => WorkbenchHealthState;
+  timeoutMs?: number | null;
+  signal?: AbortSignal | null;
+  retryCount?: number | null;
+  retryDelayMs?: number | null;
+}
+
+export interface WorkbenchHealthCacheOptions {
+  cacheMs?: number | null;
+  now?: () => number;
+}
+
+interface HealthCacheEntry<T> {
+  at: number;
+  done: boolean;
+  promise: Promise<WorkbenchHealthSnapshot<T>>;
+}
+
+export class WorkbenchHealthProbeCache {
+  private readonly latest = new Map<string, WorkbenchHealthSnapshot>();
+  private readonly inflight = new Map<string, HealthCacheEntry<unknown>>();
+  private readonly now: () => number;
+  private readonly cacheMs: number | null;
+
+  constructor(options: WorkbenchHealthCacheOptions = {}) {
+    this.now = options.now ?? Date.now;
+    this.cacheMs = positiveIntegerOrNull(options.cacheMs);
+  }
+
+  get(key: string): WorkbenchHealthSnapshot | null {
+    return this.latest.get(normalizeKey(key)) ?? null;
+  }
+
+  probe<T>(input: CheckWorkbenchHealthOptions<T>): Promise<WorkbenchHealthSnapshot<T>> {
+    const key = normalizeKey(input.key);
+    const hit = this.inflight.get(key) as HealthCacheEntry<T> | undefined;
+    const now = this.now();
+    if (hit && (!hit.done || (this.cacheMs !== null && now - hit.at < this.cacheMs))) return hit.promise;
+    const promise = checkWorkbenchHealth(input).then((snapshot) => {
+      this.latest.set(key, snapshot);
+      return snapshot;
+    }).finally(() => {
+      const current = this.inflight.get(key);
+      if (!current || current.promise !== promise) return;
+      current.done = true;
+      current.at = this.now();
+    });
+    this.inflight.set(key, { at: now, done: false, promise });
+    return promise;
+  }
+
+  clear(key?: string): void {
+    if (key) {
+      const normalized = normalizeKey(key);
+      this.latest.delete(normalized);
+      this.inflight.delete(normalized);
+    } else {
+      this.latest.clear();
+      this.inflight.clear();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export function createWorkbenchHealthProbeCache(options: WorkbenchHealthCacheOptions = {}): WorkbenchHealthProbeCache {
+  return new WorkbenchHealthProbeCache(options);
+}
+
+export async function checkWorkbenchHealth<T>(input: CheckWorkbenchHealthOptions<T>): Promise<WorkbenchHealthSnapshot<T>> {
+  const timeout = input.signal ? undefined : timeoutSignal(input.timeoutMs);
+  const signal = input.signal ?? timeout?.signal;
+  const retryCount = positiveIntegerOrNull(input.retryCount) ?? 0;
+  const retryDelayMs = positiveIntegerOrNull(input.retryDelayMs) ?? 0;
+  const startedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+  const next = (count: number, error: unknown): Promise<WorkbenchHealthSnapshot<T>> => {
+    if (count >= retryCount || !retryableHealthError(error, signal)) return Promise.resolve(unavailableSnapshot(input.key, error, startedAt));
+    return wait(retryDelayMs * (count + 1), signal).then(() => attempt(count + 1)).catch((waitError) => unavailableSnapshot(input.key, waitError, startedAt));
+  };
+  const attempt = async (count: number): Promise<WorkbenchHealthSnapshot<T>> => {
+    try {
+      const value = await input.fetcher(signal);
+      return {
+        key: normalizeKey(input.key),
+        state: input.classify?.(value) ?? "ok",
+        value,
+        error: null,
+        observedAt: new Date().toISOString()
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      return next(count, error);
+    }
+  };
+  return attempt(0).finally(() => timeout?.clear?.());
+}
+
+function timeoutSignal(timeoutMs: number | null | undefined): { signal: AbortSignal; clear?: () => void } | undefined {
+  const parsed = positiveIntegerOrNull(timeoutMs);
+  if (parsed === null) return undefined;
+  const nativeTimeout = (AbortSignal as unknown as { timeout?: (ms: number) => AbortSignal }).timeout;
+  if (nativeTimeout) {
+    try {
+      return { signal: nativeTimeout.call(AbortSignal, parsed) };
+    } catch {}
+  }
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  const timer = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), parsed);
+  return { signal: controller.signal, clear: () => clearTimeout(timer) };
+}
+
+function wait(ms: number, signal?: AbortSignal | null): Promise<void> {
+  return new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+    if (signal?.aborted) {
+      reject(new DOMException("Aborted", "AbortError"));
+      return;
+    }
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      signal?.removeEventListener("abort", onAbort);
+      resolve();
+    }, ms);
+    const onAbort = () => {
+      clearTimeout(timer);
+      reject(new DOMException("Aborted", "AbortError"));
+    };
+    signal?.addEventListener("abort", onAbort, { once: true });
+  });
+}
+
+function retryableHealthError(error: unknown, signal?: AbortSignal | null): boolean {
+  if (signal?.aborted) return false;
+  if (!(error instanceof Error)) return false;
+  if (error.name === "AbortError" || error.name === "TimeoutError") return false;
+  if (error instanceof TypeError) return true;
+  return /network|fetch|econnreset|econnrefused|enotfound|timedout/iu.test(error.message);
+}
+
+function unavailableSnapshot<T>(key: string, error: unknown, observedAt: string): WorkbenchHealthSnapshot<T> {
+  return { key: normalizeKey(key), state: "unavailable", value: null, error, observedAt };
+}
+
+function positiveIntegerOrNull(value: number | null | undefined): number | null {
+  if (typeof value !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(value) || value <= 0) return null;
+  return Math.trunc(value);
+}
+
+function normalizeKey(key: string): string {
+  const text = key.trim();
+  if (!text) throw new Error("health probe key is required");
+  return text;
+}
+
diff --git a/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/workbench-key.ts b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/workbench-key.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8383ab8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/hwlab-cloud-web/src/utils/workbench-key.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// SPEC: PJ2026-0106050514 Workbench实时运行面 draft-2026-06-30-p0-1297-spec-first; PJ2026-0104010803 Workbench唯一投影 draft-2026-06-28-p0-d518-session-timeline-consistency.
+// Responsibility: Stable Workbench scoped keys for queues, caches, storage, timeline rows and diagnostics. Adapted from OpenCode app/utils/server-scope.ts.
+
+import type { ChatMessage } from "@/types";
+
+export type WorkbenchScopePart = unknown;
+
+const EMPTY_SCOPE_PART = "~";
+const SCOPE_SEPARATOR = "\u0000";
+
+export function composeWorkbenchScopedKey(scope: string, ...parts: WorkbenchScopePart[]): string {
+  const normalizedScope = checkedScopePart("Workbench scope", normalizeScopePart(scope));
+  return [normalizedScope, ...parts.map((part) => checkedScopePart("Workbench scoped key part", normalizeScopePart(part)))].join(SCOPE_SEPARATOR);
+}
+
+export function workbenchRealtimeScopeKey(sessionId: WorkbenchScopePart, traceId: WorkbenchScopePart): string {
+  return composeWorkbenchScopedKey("workbench.realtime", sessionId, traceId);
+}
+
+export function workbenchSessionScopeKey(sessionId: WorkbenchScopePart): string {
+  return composeWorkbenchScopedKey("workbench.session", sessionId);
+}
+
+export function workbenchTraceScopeKey(traceId: WorkbenchScopePart): string {
+  return composeWorkbenchScopedKey("workbench.trace", traceId);
+}
+
+export function workbenchMessageScopeKey(message: Pick<ChatMessage, "id" | "messageId" | "turnId" | "traceId" | "sessionId" | "role" | "createdAt">): string {
+  return composeWorkbenchScopedKey(
+    "workbench.message",
+    firstScopePart(message.sessionId),
+    firstScopePart(message.messageId, message.id, message.turnId, message.traceId, message.createdAt),
+    firstScopePart(message.role)
+  );
+}
+
+export function workbenchTimelineRowScopeKey(input: { sessionId?: WorkbenchScopePart; traceId?: WorkbenchScopePart; rowId?: WorkbenchScopePart; role?: WorkbenchScopePart; type?: WorkbenchScopePart }): string {
+  return composeWorkbenchScopedKey("workbench.timeline.row", input.sessionId, input.traceId, input.type, input.role, input.rowId);
+}
+
+export function firstScopePart(...values: WorkbenchScopePart[]): string | null {
+  for (const value of values) {
+    const text = normalizeScopeText(value);
+    if (text) return text;
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+export function normalizeScopeText(value: WorkbenchScopePart): string | null {
+  if (value === null || value === undefined) return null;
+  const text = String(value).trim();
+  return text ? text : null;
+}
+
+export function splitWorkbenchScopedKey(key: string): string[] {
+  return key.split(SCOPE_SEPARATOR);
+}
+
+export function workbenchPathKey(path: string): string {
+  const value = isWindowsPath(path) ? path.replaceAll("\\", "/") : path;
+  const trimmed = trimTrailingSlashes(value);
+  if (!trimmed && value.startsWith("/")) return "/";
+  if (isDrivePath(trimmed)) return `${trimmed}/`;
+  return trimmed;
+}
+
+function normalizeScopePart(value: WorkbenchScopePart): string {
+  const text = normalizeScopeText(value);
+  return text ?? EMPTY_SCOPE_PART;
+}
+
+function checkedScopePart(label: string, value: string): string {
+  if (value.includes(SCOPE_SEPARATOR)) throw new Error(`${label} cannot contain null bytes`);
+  return value;
+}
+
+function trimTrailingSlashes(value: string): string {
+  for (let index = value.length - 1; index >= 0; index -= 1) {
+    if (value[index] !== "/") return value.slice(0, index + 1);
+  }
+  return "";
+}
+
+function isWindowsPath(value: string): boolean {
+  return value[1] === ":" || value.startsWith("\\\\");
+}
+
+function isDrivePath(value: string): boolean {
+  if (value.length !== 2) return false;
+  const code = value.charCodeAt(0);
+  return value[1] === ":" && ((code >= 65 && code <= 90) || (code >= 97 && code <= 122));
+}
+
+